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-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HAND-BOOK OF PUNCTUATION ***
-
-
-
-
-
-
- HAND-BOOK
- OF
- PUNCTUATION,
-
- WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR
-
- CAPITALIZATION, LETTER-WRITING,
- AND
- PROOF-READING,
-
- BY
- W. J. COCKER, A. M.
-
- [Illustration]
-
- A. S. BARNES & CO.,
- NEW YORK, CHICAGO, AND NEW ORLEANS.
- 1878.
-
- Copyright, 1878, by W. J. Cocker.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-As the pronunciation of words is determined by the usage of the best
-speakers, so, in a great measure, the punctuation of sentences is based
-on the usage of the best writers. Recognizing this fact, the author has
-aimed,—
-
-1. To state such general rules as are recognized by most writers of good
-English.
-
-2. To illustrate these rules by examples taken from many of our best
-English classics.
-
-3. To give some of the differences in usage that exist even among the
-best of writers.
-
-It is frequently asserted that even good writers differ so much in
-their use of punctuation marks that it is impossible to lay down any
-general rules, and that it is better for each one to consult his own
-taste and judgment. With equal reason it might be said that inasmuch as
-good speakers, and even lexicographers, differ in the pronunciation of
-words, therefore each speaker should make his own taste and judgment the
-standard for correct pronunciation. A writer’s mode of expressing his
-thoughts will determine the character and number of the punctuation marks
-that he uses, and it is chiefly owing to this that even good writers
-differ somewhat in punctuating what they have written. There are some
-rules that are invariable under all circumstances; the use of others
-depends on the mental characteristics of the writer; and there are still
-other rules, the application of which is determined by the writer’s taste
-alone.
-
-By gestures, tones of voice, oratorical pauses, emphasis, and in various
-ways, a speaker can make his meaning clear to his listeners; and so a
-writer should certainly use all the aids which punctuation, capitals,
-and italics afford, in presenting clearly what he has written for the
-perusal of others. Business men, however, seem to think that they are not
-amenable to the rules that govern good writers. They affirm that they
-have no time to punctuate their letters, and yet they subject others to
-the necessity of expending time and patience in trying to make out their
-meaning. Serious misunderstandings have arisen between business men, in
-consequence of the omission or incorrect use of punctuation marks, and
-expensive lawsuits have originated in the careless punctuation of legal
-instruments.
-
-Very little attention is paid in our public schools to punctuation, and
-the rules usually given in English Composition are either disregarded
-or not properly understood. This may, perhaps, be accounted for by the
-fact that the rules are wanting in clearness, and are not sufficiently
-illustrated by examples. The aim of this volume is to remedy, in some
-measure, these evils, and to secure more attention to what ought to be a
-prominent part of school instruction. The evils of bad punctuation are
-really more serious than the evils of bad spelling, and no student can be
-said to have learned to read well, much less to write well, who has not
-studied punctuation intelligently.
-
-We would suggest that this hand-book be used at Rhetorical Exercises,
-and that when essays, orations, criticisms, &c., are handed to the
-teacher for correction, he should use a red or a blue pencil, so that
-corrections may be the more readily recognized. Besides the corrections
-in grammar, spelling, &c., he should be careful to supply punctuation
-marks when needed, cross out needless ones, and, of course, make such
-other corrections as may be necessary. When the productions are returned
-to the pupils, the teacher should first point out the necessity of using
-certain marks, in order to define and bring out the meaning, and to show
-the relation between the different members of a sentence. Having thus
-shown the need of punctuation marks, then reference should be made to
-some of the simpler rules, to impress this need on the mind. Great care
-should be taken not to perplex the mind with too many rules before the
-necessity is created for their use. The great difficulty in the study
-of punctuation has been that many rules are committed to memory before
-the need of their use has arisen, so that the mind is perplexed and
-bewildered instead of enlightened. The rule, it must be remembered, does
-not create the necessity; the necessity creates the rule. Then, again,
-we think a great mistake is made by having the beginner punctuate what
-some one else has written. The better plan is for the pupil, at the very
-outset, to punctuate what he himself has composed, and in his effort to
-bring out his own meaning clearly, he will, with the aid of a few rules,
-almost intuitively fall into the habit of punctuating correctly.
-
-The following suggestions may be of service:—
-
-1. Do not give a pupil a rule to learn, unless it is clearly founded upon
-examples taken from what he himself has written.
-
-2. Take, at first, the simplest, most frequently used, and most readily
-understood rules.
-
-3. Advance slowly, remembering that a few simple principles clearly
-understood, are of much more practical benefit than a number of misty
-rules hastily committed to memory.
-
-In the preparation of this hand-book, the author is under obligations
-to various authorities, but he is more especially indebted to Wilson’s
-“Treatise on Punctuation.”
-
- W. J. COCKER.
-
-ADRIAN, Mich., Dec. 26, 1877.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Table of Contents.
-
-
- I. PUNCTUATION pp. 1-53
-
- II. CAPITALS ” 54-70
-
- III. LETTER-FORMS ” 71-100
-
- IV. PROOF-READING ” 101-114
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: Punctuation.]
-
-
-Introduction.
-
-The principal punctuation marks are,—
-
- 1. The Comma ,
- 2. The Semicolon ;
- 3. The Colon :
- 4. The Period .
-
-The comma indicates a somewhat close relationship between the parts of a
-sentence; the semicolon, a more distant relationship; the colon indicates
-that the parts are almost independent of each other; the period marks the
-close of a sentence, and indicates that a thought is complete.
-
-In simple sentences, when the words are closely united together, and
-the relationship of the words to each other is readily perceived, there
-is usually no need of any punctuation marks, except a period at the
-close. It should always be borne in mind that punctuation marks are
-used primarily to assist in bringing out the meaning of the writer, and
-not to embellish a written or a printed page. In sentences made up of
-parts that are closely related to each other, but, at the same time,
-distinct in character, commas should be used. They are way-marks for the
-accommodation of the reader. A production unpunctuated presents as dreary
-a prospect to the reader, as the level plain of Chaldæa presents to the
-perplexed traveler who has lost himself among the sandy mounds on the
-banks of the Euphrates, and has nothing by which to direct his course.
-
-When the different parts of a sentence are somewhat disconnected, and
-not closely related to each other, a semicolon or colon should be used.
-Sentences are sometimes very long and complicated. It is then necessary
-to separate the main divisions by semicolons, and the smaller by commas.
-Sometimes the smaller parts of a sentence are separated by commas and
-semicolons, and the main divisions by colons.
-
-The other marks in use are,—
-
- 1. The Interrogation Point ?
- 2. The Exclamation Point !
- 3. The Dash —
- 4. Marks of Parenthesis ( )
- 5. Brackets [ ]
- 6. Quotation Marks “ ‘ ’ ”
- 7. The Apostrophe ’
- 8. The Hyphen -
- 9. Miscellaneous marks.
-
-
-THE COMMA.
-
-
-INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
-
-In order to properly understand some of the rules that are given in the
-following pages, it is absolutely necessary to have a clear understanding
-of the difference between a sentence and a clause. A sentence is a
-combination of words expressing a complete thought, and usually followed
-by a period; a clause is a distinct part of a sentence. Some sentences
-are simple in form, and have but one subject and one finite verb; as,
-“Language is part of a man’s character.”—_Coleridge._ Other sentences
-are made up of clauses, each clause having a subject and a verb; in
-other words, several clauses are sometimes joined together to form one
-sentence; as, “New forms of beauty start at once into existence, and all
-the burial places of the memory give up their dead.”—_Macaulay._ It will
-be easily seen that clauses will be more readily recognized with the eye,
-and more easily comprehended, if they are separated from each other by
-punctuation marks. This will be especially so, if the clauses are long.
-
-In preparing this hand-book, the aim has been to avoid, as much as
-possible, the use of technical terms. Whenever such terms are used,
-explanations will usually be found under the head of _Remarks_.
-
-
-RULE I. _Independent Clauses._—Independent clauses should be separated
-from each other by commas.
-
-
-EXAMPLES.
-
-“Savage was discomposed by the intrusion or omission of a comma, and
-he would lament an error of a single letter as a great calamity.”—_Dr.
-Johnson._
-
- “Man wants but little here below,
- Nor wants that little long.”—_Goldsmith._
-
-“Take short views, hope for the best, and trust in God.”—_Sydney Smith._
-
-
-REMARKS.
-
-1. An independent clause is one that is not dependent on any other clause
-for the completion of its meaning; as, Take short views | hope for the
-best | and trust in God. Independent clauses are frequently connected by
-_and_, _or_, _nor_, _but_.
-
-2. When the clauses are short and closely united, the comma may be
-omitted; as, “Death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms.”
-
-3. When the clauses are long and divided into smaller portions by commas,
-they should be separated from each other by semicolons. See Rule I. p. 23.
-
-
-RULE II. _Dependent Clauses._—Dependent clauses should be separated from
-each other by commas.
-
-
-EXAMPLES.
-
-“If a man does not make new acquaintances as he advances through life, he
-will soon find himself left alone. A man, Sir, should keep his friendship
-in constant repair.”—_Dr. Johnson._
-
-“When Dr. Franklin wished to gain his enemy, he asked him to do him a
-favor.”
-
-“Clap an extinguisher upon your irony, if you are unhappily blest with a
-vein of it.”—_Lamb._
-
-“Although we seldom followed advice, we were all ready enough to ask
-it.”—_Goldsmith._
-
-
-REMARKS.
-
-1. A clause is said to be dependent, when it depends on some other clause
-to complete its meaning; as, When Dr. Johnson wished to gain his enemy |
-he asked him to do him a favor. The first clause of this sentence would
-not be complete in meaning without the second. Dependent clauses usually
-commence with _if_, _when_, _since_, _because_, _until_, &c.
-
-2. When clauses are closely connected, the comma may be omitted; as,
-Mozart published some music when seven years of age.
-
-
-RULE III. _Relative Clauses._—1. A relative clause should be separated
-from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
-
-2. But the comma should be omitted, when the relative clause is so
-closely connected with what precedes that it cannot be dropped without
-destroying the sense.
-
-
-EXAMPLES.
-
-1. “Men in a corner, who have the unhappiness of conversing too little
-with present things.”—_Swift._
-
-“The waters are nature’s storehouse, in which she locks up her
-wonders.”—_Izaak Walton._
-
-“He had on a coat made of that cloth called thunder-and-lightning, which,
-though grown too short, was much too good to be thrown away.”—_Goldsmith._
-
-2. “Althworthy here betook himself to those pleasing slumbers which
-a heart that hungers after goodness is apt to enjoy when thoroughly
-satisfied.”—_Fielding._
-
-“A man who is good for making excuses is good for nothing else.”—_Dr.
-Franklin._
-
-“Like Cæsar, Cortes wrote his own commentaries in the heart of the
-stirring scenes which form the subject of them.”—_Prescott._
-
-
-REMARKS.
-
-1. Relative clauses are generally introduced by the relative pronouns
-_who_, _which_, _that_, or _what_.
-
-2. A comma should be placed before the relative clause, even when it is
-necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent,—
-
- _a._ When the relative is immediately followed by a word or an
- expression inclosed in commas; as, “As a man, he may not have
- deserved the admiration which he received from those, who,
- bewitched by his fascinating society, worshiped him nightly in
- his favorite temple at Button’s.”—_Macaulay._
-
- _b._ When the relative has several antecedents that are
- separated from each other by commas; as, “All those arts,
- rarities, and inventions, which vulgar minds gaze at, the
- ingenious pursue, and all admire, are but the relics of an
- intellect defaced with sin and time.”—_South._
-
-3. The words _of which_ are sometimes preceded by a comma, even when they
-are necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent: as, “His mind
-was formed of those firm materials, of which nature formerly hammered
-out the Stoic, and upon which the sorrows of no man living could make an
-impression.”—_Fielding._
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HAND-BOOK OF PUNCTUATION ***
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ HAND-BOOK
+ OF
+ PUNCTUATION,
+
+ WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR
+
+ CAPITALIZATION, LETTER-WRITING,
+ AND
+ PROOF-READING,
+
+ BY
+ W. J. COCKER, A. M.
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+ A. S. BARNES & CO.,
+ NEW YORK, CHICAGO, AND NEW ORLEANS.
+ 1878.
+
+ Copyright, 1878, by W. J. Cocker.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+As the pronunciation of words is determined by the usage of the best
+speakers, so, in a great measure, the punctuation of sentences is based
+on the usage of the best writers. Recognizing this fact, the author has
+aimed,—
+
+1. To state such general rules as are recognized by most writers of good
+English.
+
+2. To illustrate these rules by examples taken from many of our best
+English classics.
+
+3. To give some of the differences in usage that exist even among the
+best of writers.
+
+It is frequently asserted that even good writers differ so much in
+their use of punctuation marks that it is impossible to lay down any
+general rules, and that it is better for each one to consult his own
+taste and judgment. With equal reason it might be said that inasmuch as
+good speakers, and even lexicographers, differ in the pronunciation of
+words, therefore each speaker should make his own taste and judgment the
+standard for correct pronunciation. A writer’s mode of expressing his
+thoughts will determine the character and number of the punctuation marks
+that he uses, and it is chiefly owing to this that even good writers
+differ somewhat in punctuating what they have written. There are some
+rules that are invariable under all circumstances; the use of others
+depends on the mental characteristics of the writer; and there are still
+other rules, the application of which is determined by the writer’s taste
+alone.
+
+By gestures, tones of voice, oratorical pauses, emphasis, and in various
+ways, a speaker can make his meaning clear to his listeners; and so a
+writer should certainly use all the aids which punctuation, capitals,
+and italics afford, in presenting clearly what he has written for the
+perusal of others. Business men, however, seem to think that they are not
+amenable to the rules that govern good writers. They affirm that they
+have no time to punctuate their letters, and yet they subject others to
+the necessity of expending time and patience in trying to make out their
+meaning. Serious misunderstandings have arisen between business men, in
+consequence of the omission or incorrect use of punctuation marks, and
+expensive lawsuits have originated in the careless punctuation of legal
+instruments.
+
+Very little attention is paid in our public schools to punctuation, and
+the rules usually given in English Composition are either disregarded
+or not properly understood. This may, perhaps, be accounted for by the
+fact that the rules are wanting in clearness, and are not sufficiently
+illustrated by examples. The aim of this volume is to remedy, in some
+measure, these evils, and to secure more attention to what ought to be a
+prominent part of school instruction. The evils of bad punctuation are
+really more serious than the evils of bad spelling, and no student can be
+said to have learned to read well, much less to write well, who has not
+studied punctuation intelligently.
+
+We would suggest that this hand-book be used at Rhetorical Exercises,
+and that when essays, orations, criticisms, &c., are handed to the
+teacher for correction, he should use a red or a blue pencil, so that
+corrections may be the more readily recognized. Besides the corrections
+in grammar, spelling, &c., he should be careful to supply punctuation
+marks when needed, cross out needless ones, and, of course, make such
+other corrections as may be necessary. When the productions are returned
+to the pupils, the teacher should first point out the necessity of using
+certain marks, in order to define and bring out the meaning, and to show
+the relation between the different members of a sentence. Having thus
+shown the need of punctuation marks, then reference should be made to
+some of the simpler rules, to impress this need on the mind. Great care
+should be taken not to perplex the mind with too many rules before the
+necessity is created for their use. The great difficulty in the study
+of punctuation has been that many rules are committed to memory before
+the need of their use has arisen, so that the mind is perplexed and
+bewildered instead of enlightened. The rule, it must be remembered, does
+not create the necessity; the necessity creates the rule. Then, again,
+we think a great mistake is made by having the beginner punctuate what
+some one else has written. The better plan is for the pupil, at the very
+outset, to punctuate what he himself has composed, and in his effort to
+bring out his own meaning clearly, he will, with the aid of a few rules,
+almost intuitively fall into the habit of punctuating correctly.
+
+The following suggestions may be of service:—
+
+1. Do not give a pupil a rule to learn, unless it is clearly founded upon
+examples taken from what he himself has written.
+
+2. Take, at first, the simplest, most frequently used, and most readily
+understood rules.
+
+3. Advance slowly, remembering that a few simple principles clearly
+understood, are of much more practical benefit than a number of misty
+rules hastily committed to memory.
+
+In the preparation of this hand-book, the author is under obligations
+to various authorities, but he is more especially indebted to Wilson’s
+“Treatise on Punctuation.”
+
+ W. J. COCKER.
+
+ADRIAN, Mich., Dec. 26, 1877.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Table of Contents.
+
+
+ I. PUNCTUATION pp. 1-53
+
+ II. CAPITALS ” 54-70
+
+ III. LETTER-FORMS ” 71-100
+
+ IV. PROOF-READING ” 101-114
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Punctuation.]
+
+
+Introduction.
+
+The principal punctuation marks are,—
+
+ 1. The Comma ,
+ 2. The Semicolon ;
+ 3. The Colon :
+ 4. The Period .
+
+The comma indicates a somewhat close relationship between the parts of a
+sentence; the semicolon, a more distant relationship; the colon indicates
+that the parts are almost independent of each other; the period marks the
+close of a sentence, and indicates that a thought is complete.
+
+In simple sentences, when the words are closely united together, and
+the relationship of the words to each other is readily perceived, there
+is usually no need of any punctuation marks, except a period at the
+close. It should always be borne in mind that punctuation marks are
+used primarily to assist in bringing out the meaning of the writer, and
+not to embellish a written or a printed page. In sentences made up of
+parts that are closely related to each other, but, at the same time,
+distinct in character, commas should be used. They are way-marks for the
+accommodation of the reader. A production unpunctuated presents as dreary
+a prospect to the reader, as the level plain of Chaldæa presents to the
+perplexed traveler who has lost himself among the sandy mounds on the
+banks of the Euphrates, and has nothing by which to direct his course.
+
+When the different parts of a sentence are somewhat disconnected, and
+not closely related to each other, a semicolon or colon should be used.
+Sentences are sometimes very long and complicated. It is then necessary
+to separate the main divisions by semicolons, and the smaller by commas.
+Sometimes the smaller parts of a sentence are separated by commas and
+semicolons, and the main divisions by colons.
+
+The other marks in use are,—
+
+ 1. The Interrogation Point ?
+ 2. The Exclamation Point !
+ 3. The Dash —
+ 4. Marks of Parenthesis ( )
+ 5. Brackets [ ]
+ 6. Quotation Marks “ ‘ ’ ”
+ 7. The Apostrophe ’
+ 8. The Hyphen -
+ 9. Miscellaneous marks.
+
+
+THE COMMA.
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
+
+In order to properly understand some of the rules that are given in the
+following pages, it is absolutely necessary to have a clear understanding
+of the difference between a sentence and a clause. A sentence is a
+combination of words expressing a complete thought, and usually followed
+by a period; a clause is a distinct part of a sentence. Some sentences
+are simple in form, and have but one subject and one finite verb; as,
+“Language is part of a man’s character.”—_Coleridge._ Other sentences
+are made up of clauses, each clause having a subject and a verb; in
+other words, several clauses are sometimes joined together to form one
+sentence; as, “New forms of beauty start at once into existence, and all
+the burial places of the memory give up their dead.”—_Macaulay._ It will
+be easily seen that clauses will be more readily recognized with the eye,
+and more easily comprehended, if they are separated from each other by
+punctuation marks. This will be especially so, if the clauses are long.
+
+In preparing this hand-book, the aim has been to avoid, as much as
+possible, the use of technical terms. Whenever such terms are used,
+explanations will usually be found under the head of _Remarks_.
+
+
+RULE I. _Independent Clauses._—Independent clauses should be separated
+from each other by commas.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+“Savage was discomposed by the intrusion or omission of a comma, and
+he would lament an error of a single letter as a great calamity.”—_Dr.
+Johnson._
+
+ “Man wants but little here below,
+ Nor wants that little long.”—_Goldsmith._
+
+“Take short views, hope for the best, and trust in God.”—_Sydney Smith._
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+1. An independent clause is one that is not dependent on any other clause
+for the completion of its meaning; as, Take short views | hope for the
+best | and trust in God. Independent clauses are frequently connected by
+_and_, _or_, _nor_, _but_.
+
+2. When the clauses are short and closely united, the comma may be
+omitted; as, “Death had lost its terrors and pleasure its charms.”
+
+3. When the clauses are long and divided into smaller portions by commas,
+they should be separated from each other by semicolons. See Rule I. p. 23.
+
+
+RULE II. _Dependent Clauses._—Dependent clauses should be separated from
+each other by commas.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+“If a man does not make new acquaintances as he advances through life, he
+will soon find himself left alone. A man, Sir, should keep his friendship
+in constant repair.”—_Dr. Johnson._
+
+“When Dr. Franklin wished to gain his enemy, he asked him to do him a
+favor.”
+
+“Clap an extinguisher upon your irony, if you are unhappily blest with a
+vein of it.”—_Lamb._
+
+“Although we seldom followed advice, we were all ready enough to ask
+it.”—_Goldsmith._
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+1. A clause is said to be dependent, when it depends on some other clause
+to complete its meaning; as, When Dr. Johnson wished to gain his enemy |
+he asked him to do him a favor. The first clause of this sentence would
+not be complete in meaning without the second. Dependent clauses usually
+commence with _if_, _when_, _since_, _because_, _until_, &c.
+
+2. When clauses are closely connected, the comma may be omitted; as,
+Mozart published some music when seven years of age.
+
+
+RULE III. _Relative Clauses._—1. A relative clause should be separated
+from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
+
+2. But the comma should be omitted, when the relative clause is so
+closely connected with what precedes that it cannot be dropped without
+destroying the sense.
+
+
+EXAMPLES.
+
+1. “Men in a corner, who have the unhappiness of conversing too little
+with present things.”—_Swift._
+
+“The waters are nature’s storehouse, in which she locks up her
+wonders.”—_Izaak Walton._
+
+“He had on a coat made of that cloth called thunder-and-lightning, which,
+though grown too short, was much too good to be thrown away.”—_Goldsmith._
+
+2. “Althworthy here betook himself to those pleasing slumbers which
+a heart that hungers after goodness is apt to enjoy when thoroughly
+satisfied.”—_Fielding._
+
+“A man who is good for making excuses is good for nothing else.”—_Dr.
+Franklin._
+
+“Like Cæsar, Cortes wrote his own commentaries in the heart of the
+stirring scenes which form the subject of them.”—_Prescott._
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+1. Relative clauses are generally introduced by the relative pronouns
+_who_, _which_, _that_, or _what_.
+
+2. A comma should be placed before the relative clause, even when it is
+necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent,—
+
+ _a._ When the relative is immediately followed by a word or an
+ expression inclosed in commas; as, “As a man, he may not have
+ deserved the admiration which he received from those, who,
+ bewitched by his fascinating society, worshiped him nightly in
+ his favorite temple at Button’s.”—_Macaulay._
+
+ _b._ When the relative has several antecedents that are
+ separated from each other by commas; as, “All those arts,
+ rarities, and inventions, which vulgar minds gaze at, the
+ ingenious pursue, and all admire, are but the relics of an
+ intellect defaced with sin and time.”—_South._
+
+3. The words _of which_ are sometimes preceded by a comma, even when they
+are necessary to complete the meaning of the antecedent: as, “His mind
+was formed of those firm materials, of which nature formerly hammered
+out the Stoic, and upon which the sorrows of no man living could make an
+impression.”—_Fielding._
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-THE WAY TO WEALTH
-
-(From "Father Abraham's Speech," forming the preface to Poor _Richard's Almanac_ for 1758.)
-
-It would be thought a hard Government that should tax its People one-tenth Part of their _Time_, to be employed in its Service. But _Idleness_ taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute _Sloth_, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle Employments or Amusements, that amount to nothing. _Sloth_, by bringing on Diseases, absolutely shortens Life. _Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labor wears; while the used key is always bright, as Poor Richard says. But dost thou love Life, then do not squander Time, for that's the stuff Life is made of, as Poor Richard_ says. How much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep, forgetting that _The sleeping Fox catches no Poultry_, and that _There will be sleeping enough in the Grave_, as _Poor Richard_ says.
-
-_If Time be of all Things the most precious, wasting Time must be, as Poor Richard_ says, _the_ _greatest Prodigality_; since, as he elsewhere tells us, _Lost Time is never found again; and what we call Time enough, always proves little enough_: Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the Purpose; so by Diligence shall we do more with less Perplexity. _Sloth makes all Things difficult, but Industry all easy_, as _Poor Richard_ says; and _He that riseth late must trot all Day, and shall scarce overtake his Business at Night; while Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him_, as we read in _Poor Richard_, who adds, _Drive thy Business, let not that drive thee_; and _Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise._
-
-_Industry need not wish, and he that lives upon Hope will die fasting._
-
-_There are no Gains without Pains._
-
-_He that hath a Trade hath an Estate; and he that hath a Calling, hath an Office of Profit and Honor_; but then the _Trade_ must be worked at, and the _Calling_ well followed, or neither the _Estate_ nor the _Office_ will enable us to pay our Taxes.
-
-What though you have found no Treasure, nor has any rich Relation left you a Legacy, _Diligence is the Mother of Good-luck_, as _Poor Richard_ says, _and God gives all Things to Industry_.
-
-_One To-day is worth two To-morrows_, and farther, _Have you somewhat to do To-morrow, do it To-day_.
-
-If you were a Servant, would you not be ashamed that a good Master should catch you idle? Are you then your own Master, _be ashamed to catch yourself idle_.
-
-Stick to it steadily; and you will see great Effects, for _Constant Dropping wears away Stones_, and by _Diligence and Patience the Mouse ate in two the Cable_; and _Little Strokes fell great Oaks_.
-
-Methinks I hear some of you say, _Must a Man afford himself no Leisure_? I will tell thee, my friend, what _Poor Richard_ says, _Employ thy Time well, if thou meanest to gain Leisure; and, since thou art not sure of a Minute, throw not away an Hour_. Leisure, is Time for doing something useful; this Leisure the diligent Man will obtain, but the lazy Man never; so that, as _Poor Richard_ says, _A Life of Leisure and a Life of Laziness are two things_.
-
-_Keep thy Shop, and thy Shop will keep thee_; and again, _If you would have your business done, go; if not, send._
-
-If you would have a faithful Servant, and one that you like, serve yourself.
-
-_A little Neglect may breed great Mischief:_ adding, _for want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy; all for the want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail_.
-
-So much for Industry, my Friends, and Attention to one's own Business; but to these we must add _Frugality_.
-
-_What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children_. You may think perhaps, that a _little_ Tea, or a _little_ Punch now and then, Diet a _little_ more costly, Clothes a _little_ finer, and a _little_ Entertainment now and then, can be no _great_ Matter; but remember what _Poor Richard_ says, _Many a Little makes a Mickle._
-
-_Beware of little expenses; A small Leak will sink a great Ship_; and again, _Who Dainties love, shall Beggars prove_; and moreover, _Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them._
-
-Buy what thou hast no Need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy Necessaries.
-
-If you would know the Value of Money, go and try to borrow some; for, he that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.
-
-The second Vice is Lying, the first is running in Debt.
-
-_Lying rides upon Debt's Back_.
-
-Poverty often deprives a Man of all Spirit and Virtue: '_Tis hard for an empty Bag to stand upright_.
-
-And now to conclude, _Experience keeps a dear School, but Fools will learn in no other, and scarce in that_; for it is true, _we may give Advice, but we cannot give Conduct_, as _Poor Richard_ says: However, remember this, _They that won't be counseled, can't be helped_, as _Poor Richard_ says: and farther, That _if you will not hear Reason, she'll surely rap your Knuckles_.
+THE WAY TO WEALTH
+
+(From "Father Abraham's Speech," forming the preface to Poor _Richard's Almanac_ for 1758.)
+
+It would be thought a hard Government that should tax its People one-tenth Part of their _Time_, to be employed in its Service. But _Idleness_ taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute _Sloth_, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle Employments or Amusements, that amount to nothing. _Sloth_, by bringing on Diseases, absolutely shortens Life. _Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labor wears; while the used key is always bright, as Poor Richard says. But dost thou love Life, then do not squander Time, for that's the stuff Life is made of, as Poor Richard_ says. How much more than is necessary do we spend in sleep, forgetting that _The sleeping Fox catches no Poultry_, and that _There will be sleeping enough in the Grave_, as _Poor Richard_ says.
+
+_If Time be of all Things the most precious, wasting Time must be, as Poor Richard_ says, _the_ _greatest Prodigality_; since, as he elsewhere tells us, _Lost Time is never found again; and what we call Time enough, always proves little enough_: Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the Purpose; so by Diligence shall we do more with less Perplexity. _Sloth makes all Things difficult, but Industry all easy_, as _Poor Richard_ says; and _He that riseth late must trot all Day, and shall scarce overtake his Business at Night; while Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him_, as we read in _Poor Richard_, who adds, _Drive thy Business, let not that drive thee_; and _Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise._
+
+_Industry need not wish, and he that lives upon Hope will die fasting._
+
+_There are no Gains without Pains._
+
+_He that hath a Trade hath an Estate; and he that hath a Calling, hath an Office of Profit and Honor_; but then the _Trade_ must be worked at, and the _Calling_ well followed, or neither the _Estate_ nor the _Office_ will enable us to pay our Taxes.
+
+What though you have found no Treasure, nor has any rich Relation left you a Legacy, _Diligence is the Mother of Good-luck_, as _Poor Richard_ says, _and God gives all Things to Industry_.
+
+_One To-day is worth two To-morrows_, and farther, _Have you somewhat to do To-morrow, do it To-day_.
+
+If you were a Servant, would you not be ashamed that a good Master should catch you idle? Are you then your own Master, _be ashamed to catch yourself idle_.
+
+Stick to it steadily; and you will see great Effects, for _Constant Dropping wears away Stones_, and by _Diligence and Patience the Mouse ate in two the Cable_; and _Little Strokes fell great Oaks_.
+
+Methinks I hear some of you say, _Must a Man afford himself no Leisure_? I will tell thee, my friend, what _Poor Richard_ says, _Employ thy Time well, if thou meanest to gain Leisure; and, since thou art not sure of a Minute, throw not away an Hour_. Leisure, is Time for doing something useful; this Leisure the diligent Man will obtain, but the lazy Man never; so that, as _Poor Richard_ says, _A Life of Leisure and a Life of Laziness are two things_.
+
+_Keep thy Shop, and thy Shop will keep thee_; and again, _If you would have your business done, go; if not, send._
+
+If you would have a faithful Servant, and one that you like, serve yourself.
+
+_A little Neglect may breed great Mischief:_ adding, _for want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy; all for the want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail_.
+
+So much for Industry, my Friends, and Attention to one's own Business; but to these we must add _Frugality_.
+
+_What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children_. You may think perhaps, that a _little_ Tea, or a _little_ Punch now and then, Diet a _little_ more costly, Clothes a _little_ finer, and a _little_ Entertainment now and then, can be no _great_ Matter; but remember what _Poor Richard_ says, _Many a Little makes a Mickle._
+
+_Beware of little expenses; A small Leak will sink a great Ship_; and again, _Who Dainties love, shall Beggars prove_; and moreover, _Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them._
+
+Buy what thou hast no Need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy Necessaries.
+
+If you would know the Value of Money, go and try to borrow some; for, he that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.
+
+The second Vice is Lying, the first is running in Debt.
+
+_Lying rides upon Debt's Back_.
+
+Poverty often deprives a Man of all Spirit and Virtue: '_Tis hard for an empty Bag to stand upright_.
+
+And now to conclude, _Experience keeps a dear School, but Fools will learn in no other, and scarce in that_; for it is true, _we may give Advice, but we cannot give Conduct_, as _Poor Richard_ says: However, remember this, _They that won't be counseled, can't be helped_, as _Poor Richard_ says: and farther, That _if you will not hear Reason, she'll surely rap your Knuckles_.
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-"_Stoop, stoop!_" I did not understand him, till I felt my head hit against the
-beam.
+"_Stoop, stoop!_" I did not understand him, till I felt my head hit against the
+beam.
